Treaty for an Alliance of American States

Treaty

for an

Alliance of American States

by
Mailing Address
The earliest known version of this document was first completed on Sunday, December 25, 1993. The document was most recently revised on Tuesday, March 20, 2007.

The length of this document is approximately 10,076 words with 153 of them in footnotes.

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Preamble

Purposes of the Alliance

This Alliance is intended to insure the security of the member states from foreign aggression and to provide a forum wherein the member states will have an opportunity to peacefully resolve disputes among themselves.

Purposes of the Treaty

This Treaty is intended to preserve the independence of the member states in this Alliance, to prevent this Alliance from the accumulation of excessive power, and to prevent violations by this Alliance of the rights of the people.

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Preamble

Table of Contents

Article 1: Definitions

Article 2: Citizens and Inhabitants

Article 3: Protection of Rights and Limitation of Powers

Article 4: Public Land

Article 5: Trials

Article 6: Census

Article 7: Taxation

Doctrine

Article 8: The Convention of the States

Article 9: The Courts

Article 10: The Legislative Council

Article 11: The Chief Executive Officer

The Branches of Government

Article 12: The Armed Forces

Article 13: Ratification of This Treaty

Article 14: Membership in This Alliance

Article 15: Revisions to This Treaty

Maintenance of the Alliance

Declaration of the Signatories

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Article 1: Definitions

1.		Unless expressly specified to the contrary, words used in this Treaty have the meanings recorded in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, third edition, © 1992. Special meanings of certain legal terms used in this Treaty are as recorded in Black's Law Dictionary, fifth edition, © 1979.
2.		The Alliance formed by this Treaty is herein called (for convenience) this Alliance.
3.		In this Treaty, the word right, when used in the sense of rights enjoyed by the people, shall mean
•		something that is within the ability of the individual claiming the right, and
•		something that can be done by the individual without permission, and
•		something that is generally or customarily accepted or condoned.
		Anything that fails one or more of these conditions isn't a right.
4.		As used in this Treaty, and particularly in Article 3, clause 36 and Article 5, Section 1, clause 18 of this Treaty, the word information shall include, but shall not necessarily be limited to, testimony, fingerprints, voice prints, retinal patterns, any bodily fluid or substance, any DNA information, photographic, electronic, or any other kind of images, or any other aspect or consequence of any present or future technology that might be used as evidence against an accused individual.
5.		In this Treaty, the word census is intended to indicate a "head-count" only, and is not intended to include any other data whatsoever.
6.		The use of masculine nouns and pronouns in this Treaty shall not be construed to exclude women, except where such exclusion is specifically noted.
7.		In this Treaty, the noun individual denotes a human being. It does not denote any corporation, association, syndicate, company, society, partnership, merger, trust, business, body politic, etc.
8.		In this Treaty, the word shall indicates a requirement.
9.		In this Treaty, the words
•		shall not,
•		shall never,
•		no ... shall ever,
•		neither ... shall ever, and
•		neither ... nor ... shall ever
		indicate a prohibition
10.		In this Treaty, the word may indicates permission, but not a requirement.
11.		In this Treaty, the word can indicates an ability, but not a requirement.
12.		Public land is land that is not owned. Land shall be determined to be public or not according to local legislation or local custom. This Alliance shall be bound by that determination.

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13.		In this Treaty, the word amendment indicates a change appended to the end of a document.
14.		In this Treaty, the word revision indicates a change to the body or text of a document.

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Article 2: Citizens and Inhabitants

1.		This Alliance is a Alliance of states, not of people.
•		There is no citizenship of individuals in this Alliance.
•		The qualifications of citizenship in each state in this Alliance shall be as determined by that state.
2.		This Alliance shall regard all individuals inhabiting any region occupied by the states in this Alliance as inherently possessing rights, whether or not those individuals are citizens of those states.
3.		No individual, whether or not that individual is a citizen of a state in this Alliance, shall acquire any obligation whatsoever to this Alliance except voluntarily and as provided in this Treaty.
4.		No individual, whether or not that individual is a citizen of a state in this Alliance, shall ever be compelled into an obligation to this Alliance.
5.		This Alliance shall, to the greatest extent possible, avoid any action or activity that is harmful or damaging to any individual, whether or not that individual is a citizen of any state in this Alliance.
6.		Nothing in this Treaty shall be construed to require either this Alliance or any state in this Alliance to provide any privilege, protection, service, or other performance to any individual who is not a citizen of one of the states in this Alliance.
7.		The obligations of this Alliance to any citizen of any state in this Alliance are limited to only those obligations which may be defined in this Treaty.

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Article 3: Protection of Rights and Limitation of Powers

1.		This Treaty neither grants nor creates rights. It acknowledges certain rights from among those that existed prior to this Treaty and that continue to exist independently of it. The acknowledgment and protection of certain rights in this Treaty shall not be construed to deny, disparage, or terminate other rights retained by the people.
2.		This Alliance is prohibited from exercising any powers beyond those expressly delegated in this Treaty.
3.		Neither this Alliance nor any state in this Alliance nor any group of states in this Alliance shall ever compel any state or group of states to remain in this Alliance.
4.		Nothing in this Treaty shall be construed to prevent any group of states in this Alliance from convening a convention for any purpose whatsoever.
5.		This Alliance shall not give preference in any way whatsoever to the ports of one state in this Alliance over those of another.
6.		Neither vessels, vehicles, goods, property, nor people bound to or from one state shall be required, by this Alliance, to enter, clear, or pay duties in another state.
7.		This Alliance shall not lay any imposts or duties whatsoever on imports or exports.
8.		This Alliance shall not lay any duty on tonnage.
9.		This Alliance shall not coin money.
10.		This Alliance shall not maintain its own army. See Article 12 of this Treaty.
11.		This Alliance shall neither have nor employ any armed forces whatsoever, uniformed or non-uniformed, civilian or military, other than those specified in Article 12 of this Treaty.
12.		Nothing in this Treaty shall be construed to prevent any state in this Alliance from maintaining its own armed forces.
13.		This Alliance shall not issue bills of credit.
14.		This Alliance shall not pass any bills of attainder.
15.		This Alliance shall not pass any bills of pains and penalties.
16.		This Alliance shall not enact any legislation impairing the creation or execution of contracts.
17.		This Alliance shall not pass any ex post facto legislation.
18.		This Alliance shall not grant any license creating a privileged class of people.
19.		This Alliance shall not suspend the right to the writ of habeas corpus.
20.		This Alliance shall not regulate, restrict, or promote either the theory or the practice of any religion.
21.		This Alliance shall not regulate or restrict the freedom of speech.
22.		This Alliance shall not regulate or restrict the printed media.
23.		This Alliance shall not regulate or restrict the electronic media.

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24.		This Alliance shall not regulate or restrict the broadcast media.
25.		This Alliance shall not regulate or restrict the right of the people to assemble.
26.		This Alliance shall not regulate or restrict the right of any individual to seek a redress of grievances.
27.		This Alliance shall not regulate or restrict the right of any individual to buy, sell, trade, own, keep, manufacture, repair, carry, or use weapons or ammunition.
28.		This Alliance shall not regulate or restrict the right of any individual to buy, sell, trade, own, keep, manufacture or use any material or substance.
29.		This Alliance shall not regulate or restrict the right of any individual to defend himself, anyone else in whom he has an interest, or anything else in which he has an interest.
30.		This Alliance shall not punish any individual for injury to an aggressor if such injury results from the individual defending himself, anyone else in whom he has an interest, or anything else in which he has an interest, against the aggressor.
31.		This Alliance shall not regulate or restrict the relationship between parent and child.
32.		This Alliance shall not quarter armed forces in any facility unless that facility is owned by this Alliance.
33.		This Alliance shall not deprive an individual of liberty or property except as provided in this Treaty.
34.		This Alliance shall not forcibly take private property for its own use.
35.		This Alliance shall not impose involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty.
36.		This Alliance shall not compel any individual, whether or not accused, to provide information that might be used against him.
37.		All judges, officers, employees, and agents of this Alliance shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Treaty.
38.		No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust in this Alliance.
39.		No officer of any state in this Alliance, no member of the Legislative Council, and no Delegate in the Convention of the States shall ever be regarded as an officer of this Alliance.
40.		Nothing in this Treaty shall be construed to prevent any victim or his survivors, beneficiaries, or agents, from seeking remedy or redress of any offense or grievance.

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Article 4: Public Land

1.		This Alliance shall not be presumed to own unclaimed land.
2.		This Alliance shall not have the power to claim public land for ownership, or to in any way whatsoever acquire the ownership of public land.
3.		This Alliance may obtain the ownership of land only by the freely negotiated purchase of such land from its rightful owner.
4.		The ownership of land shall always be proven by whatever method is locally customary. This Alliance shall always be bound by such proof.
5.		This Alliance shall not, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, obstruct the access of any individual to any public land or regulate in any way the right of an individual to travel freely upon any public land.
6.		This Alliance shall not, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, enact any restriction or prerequisite whatsoever on the use of public land.
7.		If ever a controversy over the use of or the access to public land cannot be resolve in the courts of this Alliance, then it shall be resolved by whatever methods the parties to the controversy may choose. Such resolution shall be final.

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Article 5: Trials

Article 5, Section 1: Due Process

1.		This Alliance shall not violate any aspect of due process.
2.		The enumeration in this article of certain aspects of due process does not necessarily deny, disparage, or terminate other aspects of due process that might presently exist or that might evolve in the future.
3.		This Alliance shall never conduct any search of individuals, their homes, their papers, or their effects except
•		in the event of probable cause supported by at least one witness who is not a member of any agency of this Alliance, or
•		on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury of at least 12 of the individual's peers, each of whom must be impartial with regard to the accusation.
4.		This Alliance shall never detain, arrest, or take into custody any individual except
•		in the event of probable cause supported by at least one witness who is not a member of any agency of this Alliance, or
•		on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury of at least 12 of the individual's peers, each of whom must be impartial with regard to the accusation.
5.		This Alliance shall never require any individual to answer for any alleged offense except
•		in the event of probable cause supported by at least one witness who is not a member of any agency of this Alliance, or
•		on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury of at least 12 of the individual's peers, each of whom must be impartial with regard to the accusation.
6.		Every trial of an accused individual in a court of this Alliance shall address a specific accusation of a particular offense. The alleged offense must be a violation of some legislation under which the accused individual has a provable obligation. The subject matter must be within the lawful jurisdiction of the court.
7.		No trial of an accused individual in a court of this Alliance shall occur until a grand jury has first proven
•		the individual's obligation under the legislation in question, and
•		the court's jurisdiction over the subject matter of the case or controversy.
		Such grand jury shall consist of at least 12 of the accused individual's peers, each of whom must be impartial with regard to the accusation.
8.		Payment of bail shall never be required for the release of an accused individual from the custody of a court of this Alliance.
9.		Any individual who remains in the custody of a court of this Alliance shall be compensated by the court for his time in custody until he is either convicted of the alleged offense or released. His compensation shall be either
•		at the rate of pay that he was earning prior to being taken into custody,
•		at the rate of pay that is customary for his trade or career,
•		at a rate of compensation to be determined by statute, or

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•		at a rate of compensation to be specified by a judge or magistrate, whichever the individual in custody shall freely choose.
10.		In every case or controversy tried in a court of this Alliance, the accused individual shall have a trial by a trial jury of at least 12 of his peers, each of whom must be impartial in the case or controversy.
11.		Every accused individual shall be presumed innocent until judged guilty by a trial jury of at least 12 of his peers, each of whom must be impartial in the case or controversy.
12.		In every case or controversy, the accused shall be informed in writing, prior to the trial, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.
13.		During every trial, the accused, his counsel, or both, shall be allowed to confront and question the witnesses against the accused.
14.		During every trial, the accused, his counsel, or both, shall be allowed to confront and question the accuser.
15.		In every case or controversy, the accused shall have the assistance of the court in obtaining witnesses in his favor.
16.		In every case or controversy, the accused shall not be denied his right to the assistance of the counsel of his choice.
17.		In every case or controversy, the accused shall be allowed sufficient time prior to the trial in which to prepare his defense.
18.		No individual, whether or not accused, shall ever be compelled to provide information that might be used against him.
19.		The refusal of an accused individual to provide information shall not itself be used against him.
20.		This Alliance shall never impose the death penalty.
21.		The following punishments only, and no others, shall be available to the courts of this Alliance: imprisonment; travel restrictions; restitution for victims, including but not necessarily limited to indentured servitude; removal from office; or disqualification to hold any office under this Alliance.
22.		In every case, the decision of the trial jury of a court of this alliance shall be final and no case decided by such a trial jury shall be reexamined in any court of this Alliance except as provided in Section 2 of this Article.
23.		In the event of dispute as to the meaning or scope of the decision, the jury shall construe it upon the request of any party.

Article 5, Section 2: Revision

1.		An application for revision of a decision of a court of this Alliance may be made to a grand jury.

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2.		Such application shall not be approved unless it is based upon the discovery of some fact of such a nature as to be a decisive factor, which fact was, when the decision was made, unknown to the court and also to the party applying for revision, always provided that such ignorance was not due to negligence.
3.		A trial jury may open proceedings for revision of a decision upon a judgment of a grand jury expressly recording the existence of the new fact, declaring that the fact has such a character as to lay the case open to revision, and declaring the revision admissible on this ground.
4.		The application for revision must be made at latest within six months of the discovery of the new fact.

Article 5, Section 3: Treason

1.		No individual shall be liable for a charge of treason under this Treaty unless that individual has taken an oath to this Treaty or to this Alliance.
2.		Treason against this Alliance shall consist only in
•		levying war against this Alliance, or
•		giving aid to the enemies of this Alliance
		and nothing more.

Article 5, Section 4: Impeachment

1.		All aspects of due process enumerated in Section 1 of this article (as a minimum), and any other applicable aspects of due process, shall be preserved in all trials of impeachment.
2.		Any officer of this Alliance, except judges, may be impeached by trial before the Review Court. Judges of both the Review Court and of the trial courts may be impeached by trial before the Legislative Council. See Article 10, Sections 9 and 13.
3.		Any officer of this Alliance may be impeached for
•		treason,
•		violation of his oath of office,
•		violation of this Treaty,
•		conflict of interests consequent to holding office,
•		misuse of any resources of this Alliance,
•		fraud, or
•		anything which, in the opinion of the body having jurisdiction (Review Court or Legislative Council), warrants impeachment.

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Article 6: Census

1.		Each state that originally ratifies this Treaty shall conduct a census of its citizens prior to the first meeting of the Legislative Council of this Alliance. See Article 7, Clause 4 and Article 10, Section 11.
2.		Each state that joins this Alliance after the ratification of this Treaty shall conduct a census of its citizens prior to the first session of the Legislative Council in which it is represented. See Article 7, Clause 4 and Article 10, Section 11.
3.		Each state that is a member of this Alliance shall conduct a new census of its citizens at least every ten years.
4.		Each census conducted by a state in this Alliance may be done in whatever manner is chosen by that state, except that each such census shall be at least sufficient for the purposes specified in Article 7 and Article 10 of this Treaty.
5.		This Alliance is prohibited from receiving any results of any state census other than those results needed for the purposes specified in Article 7 or Article 10 of this Treaty.
6.		This Alliance is prohibited from using the results of any state census for any purpose other than those purposes specified in Article 7 or Article 10 of this Treaty.

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Article 7: Taxation

1.		This Alliance is prohibited from imposing any tax, assessment, levy, duty, tariff, excise, toll, tithe, impost, custom, rate, charge, surcharge, fee, etc. upon any individual.
2.		Any tax imposed by this Alliance shall be imposed upon every state that is a member of this Alliance at the time that the tax is imposed.
3.		Every tax imposed by this Alliance upon a state in this Alliance shall be apportioned among the states according to the respective populations of those states, except as provided in Clause 4 of this Article.
4.		If a state fails to perform a census as specified by Article 6 of this Treaty, then the taxes imposed upon that state shall be as determined by the Assembly, the members of the state failing to conduct a census being included in the debate but excluded from the vote.
5.		This Alliance shall not use any non-government corporation, association, syndicate, company, society, partnership, trust, business, etc. as a tax collection agency.
6.		No tax shall be imposed except as the result of duly enacted legislation.
7.		Bills for raising revenue shall originate only in the Assembly.
8.		Any state in this Alliance that becomes delinquent in the payment of its taxes shall be denied its representation in both the Senate and the Assembly during such delinquency.

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Article 8: The Convention of the States

Article 8, Section 1

1.		The Convention of the States shall consist of Delegates from each state in this Alliance.
2.		Each state may send any number of Delegates to the Convention of the States, but the Delegates for each state shall vote as a group and each state shall have one vote.
3.		The qualifications for a state's Delegates shall be as determine by that state.
4.		The method of choosing a state's Delegates shall be as determined by that state.
5.		A state may recall any or all of its Delegates whenever it chooses.
6.		Delegates to the Convention of the States are not officers of this Alliance, but of the states they represent.
7.		The emolument to be received by each Delegate shall be determined by the state that he represents and shall be paid to him by that state.
8.		No Delegate, during the time that he is a member of the Convention of the States, shall hold any other office under the authority of this Alliance.

Article 8, Section 2: Rules of Procedure

1.		The Delegates to the Convention of the States may determine the times when the Convention of the States will convene and adjourn.
2.		The Convention of the States shall not conduct business unless at least a majority of the member states is represented.
3.		A motion of the Convention of the States shall not pass unless it receives the approval of at least two-thirds of the states represented and voting.
4.		When the Convention of the States is deciding a conflict within the jurisdictions provided in this Article, any state which is a party to the conflict may provide evidence or testimony, but such state shall not have the power to vote.
5.		This Alliance may provide evidence or testimony in any matter before the Convention of the States, but it shall never for any reason whatsoever have the power to vote.

Article 8, Section 3: Powers

1.		The powers of the Convention of the States shall not exceed those expressly delegated in this Section.
2.		Powers delegated to the Convention of the States are reserved exclusively to the Convention of the States. The Convention of the States shall not delegate its powers to other bodies or individuals.
3.		Except as provided in this Article, the Convention of the States shall have the power to determine its own rules of procedure.

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4.		The Convention of the States may, with the concurrence of at least two-thirds of the states represented and voting, expel a Delegate.
5.		The Convention of the States shall not itself have executive powers. However, the states in this Alliance may take any appropriate action, individually or in concert, to enforce decisions of the Convention of the States.
6.		The Convention of the States shall have the exclusive power to make any necessary rules within such district as may, by cession of particular states and the acceptance of the Convention of the States, become either the temporary or the permanent seat of that Convention.
7.		The Convention of the States shall have the power to propose revisions to this Treaty (see Article 15).
8.		The Convention of the States shall have the power to judge the eligibility, as specified in Article 14 of this Treaty, of new states requesting admission into this Alliance.
9.		The Convention of the States shall have the power to expel a state from membership in this Alliance, as provided in Article 14.
10.		The Convention of the States shall have the power to resolve conflicts between
•		this Treaty and the constitution of any state in this Alliance,
•		this Treaty and any legislation of any state in this Alliance,
•		any legislation of this Alliance and any legislation of any state in this Alliance, or
•		any legislation of this Alliance and the constitution of any state in this Alliance.
11.		The Convention of the States shall have judicial power over cases and controversies to which this Alliance is a party.
12.		The Convention of the States shall have the power to repeal any legislation of this Alliance.
13.		The Convention of the States shall have the power to rescind any legislation of this Alliance. See Article 11, Section 4.
14.		This Alliance may request a session of the Convention of the States. The Convention of the States may then, at its discretion, assemble and consider the matter for which the session was requested.
15.		Any state not a member of this Alliance, and which wishes to apply for membership in this Alliance, may request a session of the Convention of the States. The Convention of the States may then, at its discretion, assemble and consider the admission of the state into this Alliance. See Article 14.

Article 8, Section 4: Duties

1.		Any state in this Alliance may call a session of the Convention of the States. The Convention of the States shall then assemble and consider the matter for which the session was called.

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2.		If any decision of the Convention of the States results in a proposal to revise this Treaty, then the Convention of the States shall transmit that proposal to the several states. See Article 15.
3.		If any decision of the Convention of the States results in a proposal to revise the legislation of this Alliance, then the Convention of the States shall transmit that proposal to the Legislative Council. See Article 10.
4.		If any decision of the Convention of the States results in a proposal to revise the legislation or constitution of a state in this Alliance, then the Convention of the States shall transmit that proposal to that state.
5.		The Convention of the States shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, which it shall publish after the end of each session but prior to the beginning of the next session.

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Article 9: The Courts

Article 9, Section 1

1.		Except as provided in Articles 8 and 10, the judicial power of this Alliance shall be vested in one Review Court and in such trial courts as the Legislative Council may establish.
2.		The trial courts of this Alliance shall have no enforcement powers whatsoever. See Article 11, Section 1.
3.		The Review Court shall have only such executive and legislative powers as are specified in Section 2 of this Article.
4.		The judges, both of the Review Court and of the trial courts, shall not be removed from office except by impeachment. See Article 10.
5.		The judges, both of the Review Court and of the trial courts, shall be paid for their services a salary which shall be determined by the Assembly.
6.		Except for trials of judges of this Alliance and cases to which this Alliance is a party, every trial in any court of this Alliance shall be by a trial jury. See Articles 8 and 10.
7.		In all cases and controversies tried by a trial jury, the judge of the trial court shall preside. His powers shall include and shall be limited to:
•		prior to the trial, informing each party of his rights,
•		insuring that all parties present have an adequate opportunity to be heard,
•		insuring that all evidence and information presented is fully understood by the members of the trial jury,
•		verifying that the members of the trial jury are satisfied with all aspects of the trial,
•		verifying that the members of the trial jury are informed concerning their powers, rights, and options,
•		verifying that the verdict reached by the trial jury is understood by all parties present, and
•		verifying that the decision of the trial jury is communicated to all appropriate parties.
8.		In every case and controversy, the court costs of courts of this Alliance shall be paid from the general fund of this Alliance.
9.		No court of this Alliance shall place any prerequisite of form, format, style, or content upon the material, information, or testimony presented in any case or controversy, except for the minimum necessary so that the material, information, or testimony may be understandable and not endanger the individuals involved.
10.		No filing fees, or other fees, charges, or payments shall ever be required for the presentation of material, information or testimony in any court of this Alliance.

Article 9, Section 2: The Review Court

The Review Court shall have three judges.

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2.		The powers of the Review Court shall not extend beyond the jurisdictions specified in this Section.
3.		The three judges of the Review Court shall select one of their number to preside during the election of the Chief Executive Officer. See Article 11, Section 2.
4.		When judging a bill presented to them by the Legislative Council, the three judges shall convene as a triumvirate. If the judges determine that the bill is in accordance with this Treaty, then they shall present the bill to the Chief Executive Officer. If they determine that the bill is not in accordance with this Treaty, then they shall return it with their objections to the house of the Legislative Council in which it originated. See Article 10, Section 3, and Article 11, Section 3.
5.		Whenever this Treaty is revised, the judges of the Review Court shall review, or shall provide for the review of, existing legislation of this Alliance for compliance with the revised version of the Treaty. See Article 15, Section 1. If, as the result of such review, particular legislation is judged to be not in accordance with this Treaty, then such judgment shall operate to repeal such legislation, as of the date of enactment of the revised version of the Treaty.

Article 9, Section 3: The Trial Courts

1.		The jurisdiction of the trial courts of this Alliance shall not extend to
•		conflicts under the jurisdiction of the Convention of the States,
•		any trial of a judge of this Alliance,
•		any controversy involving a claim to acquire ownership of public land,
•		any case or controversy within the jurisdiction of a state or local court, or
•		any case to which this Alliance is a party. See Articles 8 and 10.
2.		Except as noted to the contrary, the judicial power of the trial courts of this Alliance shall extend to
•		cases arising under this Treaty,
•		cases arising under the legislation of this Alliance,
•		cases arising under treaties made under the authority of this Treaty,
•		alleged offenses of any individual who is under oath to this Treaty or to this Alliance, if such alleged offense would be a violation of such oath, and
•		controversies between two or more states of this Alliance.
3.		No trial court of this Alliance shall refuse to hear an original case brought before it, when such case lies within the court's jurisdiction as delegated in this Article.
4.		The decision of the trial jury shall be final. There shall be no appeal from a decision of a trial court of this Alliance, except as provided in Article 5, Section 2.

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Article 10: The Legislative Council

Article 10, Section 1

1.		The Legislative Council shall consist of a Senate and an Assembly.
2.		Except as provided herein, each house of the Legislative Council shall determine its own rules of procedure.
3.		Councilmen are not officers of this Alliance but of the states that they represent.
4.		The emolument to be received by each Councilman shall be determined by the state that he represents and shall be paid to him by that state.
5.		No Councilman, during the time that he is a member of the Legislative Council, shall hold any other office under the authority of this Alliance.
6.		The qualifications of a state's Councilmen shall be as determine by that state.
7.		The time and method of choosing a state's Councilmen shall be as determined by that state.
8.		The length of the term to be served by a state's Councilmen shall be as determined by that state.
9.		The number of terms that may be served by a state's Councilmen shall be as determined by that state.
10.		The method of filling vacancies in a state's representation in the Legislative Council shall be as determined by that state.
11.		Nothing in this Treaty shall be construed to require either house of the Legislative Council to convene according to any particular schedule.

Article 10, Section 2: Legislative Powers

1.		The power to introduce a bill into a house of the Legislative Council is reserved exclusively to the members of that house of the Legislative Council.
2.		The power to originate legislation in this Alliance is reserved exclusively to the Legislative Council.
3.		The Legislative Council shall not delegate the power to introduce bills or the power to originate legislation.
4.		The Legislative Council shall not delegate the power to make regulations having the force of law or to issue orders having the force of law.

Article 10, Section 3: Enactment of Legislation

1.		See Article 7.
2.		When a bill has passed both houses of the Legislative Council, then the Legislative Council shall present the bill to the judges of the Review Court. See Article 9, Section 2 and Article 11, Section 3.

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If a bill is returned to the Legislative Council by either the Review Court or the Chief Executive Officer, then the Legislative Council shall reconsider that bill as if it were a new bill.

Article 10, Section 4: Other Powers Delegated to the Legislative Council

1.		The Legislative Council may, at its discretion, provide for the recommendation of standard weights and measures.
2.		The Legislative Council shall have the power to create trial courts.
3.		The Legislative Council shall have the power to declare war or peace for this Alliance.
4.		The Legislative Council shall have the power to grant letters of marque and reprisal.
5.		The Legislative Council may provide funds to maintain a navy.
6.		The Legislative Council may provide funds to employ an army.
7.		Except as otherwise restricted by this Treaty, the Legislative Council shall have exclusive legislative power in all cases whatsoever, over such district which may be purchased by this Alliance to become the seat of the government of this Alliance.
8.		Except as otherwise restricted by this Treaty, the Legislative Council shall have exclusive legislative power in all cases whatsoever in all places which may be purchased by this Alliance for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings.

Article 10, Section 5: Powers Denied to the Legislative Council

1.		The powers of the Legislative Council shall not exceed those expressly delegated in this Treaty.
2.		The Legislative Council shall not have the power to coin money or to cause money to be coined.
3.		The Legislative Council shall not have the power to regulate the value of money.
4.		The Legislative Council shall not impose duties, imposts, excises or taxes on any state, or on any group of states, except as provided in Article 7.
5.		The Legislative Council shall not have the power to borrow money on the credit of this Alliance.
6.		The Legislative Council shall not have the power to regulate commerce among the states in this Alliance.
7.		The Legislative Council shall not have the power to regulate commerce betwen the states that are members of this Alliance and foreign states.
8.		The Legislative Council shall not have the power to enact legislation on the subject of bankruptcies.
9.		The Legislative Council shall not have the power to establish rules of naturalization.

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10.		The Legislative Council shall not have the power to regulate or prohibit the emigration or immigration of such individuals as any of the states shall think proper.
11.		The power to create trial courts extends only to courts of this Alliance. The Legislative Council shall not have authority over the courts of the states in this Alliance.

Article 10, Section 6: Duties of the Legislative Council

1.		The Legislative Council shall determine the time and place at which the Electors shall choose the Chief Executive Officer.
2.		The Legislative Council shall declare a standard of weights and measures for the coining of money. However, the use of the standard shall be voluntary and this Alliance shall not require such use.
3.		The Legislative Council shall
•		provide for the assay of money, and
•		present the results of any such assay upon request.
		However,
•		no minter shall ever be required to use such service,
•		no fee shall ever be charged for any such assay of coins or presentation of results, and
•		no prerequisite or requirement shall be placed upon any party submitting coin for assay or requesting the results of assay.
4.		Nothing in this Treaty shall be construed to prevent any other institution or individual from coining money, from conducting assays of coin, from charging for such service, or from declaring other standards of weights and measures.
5.		The Legislative Council shall provide by legislation for the succession of the Chief Executive Officer.
6.		The Legislative Council shall provide by legislation for the funding of the courts of this Alliance.
7.		The Legislative Council shall provide by legislation an option, as provided in Article 5, Section 1 of this Treaty, for the compensation of accused individuals in custody.

Article 10, Section 7: The Senate

1.		The Senate shall be composed of two Senators from each state in this Alliance.
2.		Each Senator shall have one vote in the Senate.

Article 10, Section 8: Rules of Procedure for the Senate

1.		The Senate shall not convene unless at least a majority of the Senators is present.
2.		The Senate may convene whether or not the Assembly is in session.
3.		A bill shall not pass the Senate unless it receives the approval of at least two-thirds of the members present and voting.

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Article 10, Section 9: Powers of the Senate

1.		The Senators may choose other officers of the Senate besides the moderator.
2.		The Senate may, with the concurrence of at least two-thirds of the Senators present and voting, expel a member.
3.		The power to try judges of either the Review Court or of a trial court is reserved exclusively to the Senate. When sitting for that purpose
•		the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation, and
•		at least a two-thirds vote of the membership shall be necessary for conviction.
4.		The Senate shall judge nominees for officers of this Alliance, except for officers of the navy, and either accept or reject each such nominee for his office. The nominee shall be accepted only if approved by at least two-thirds of the Senators present and voting.
5.		The Senate shall have the power to consider treaties negotiated by the Chief Executive Officer. No treaty shall be enacted unless it receives the approval of at least two-thirds of the membership of the Senate.

Article 10, Section 10: Duties of the Senate

1.		The Senators shall choose a moderator who shall preside over the sessions of the Senate.
2.		The Senate shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, which it shall publish after the end of each session but prior to the beginning of the next session.
3.		Except as provided herein, the Senators shall determine the rules of proceedings of the Senate.

Article 10, Section 11: The Assembly

1.		Each Assemblyman shall have one vote in the Assembly.
2.		The number of Assemblymen for each state shall be proportional to the populations of those states and shall be calculated so that the least populous state has three Assemblymen.
3.		If any state in this Alliance fails to conduct a census as specified by Article 6 of this Treaty, then the number of Assemblymen specified for that state shall be as determined by the Assembly, the members of the state failing to conduct a census being included in the debate but excluded from the vote.

Article 10, Section 12: Rules of Procedure for the Assembly

1.		The Assembly shall not convene unless
•		at least a majority of the Assemblymen is present, and
•		at least a majority of the states are represented.
2.		The Assembly may convene whether or not the Senate is in session.
3.		A bill shall not pass the Assembly unless it receives the approval of
•		at least two-thirds of the members present and voting and

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•

at least two-thirds of the states represented and voting.

Article 10, Section 13: Powers of the Assembly

1.		The Assemblymen may choose other officers of the Assembly besides the moderator.
2.		Except as provided herein, the Assemblymen shall have the power to determine the rules of proceedings of the Assembly.
3.		The members of the Assembly may, with the concurrence of at least two-thirds of the members present and voting, expel a member.
4.		The power of determining punishment after conviction, by the Senate, of judges of either the Review Court or of the trial courts is, except as restricted by Article 5, Section 1, reserved exclusively to the Assembly.
5.		The power to determine the salaries of all officers, agents, and employees of this Alliance is reserved exclusively to the Assembly.

Article 10, Section 14: Duties of the Assembly

1.		The members of the Assembly shall choose a moderator who shall preside over the sessions of the Assembly.
2.		The Assembly shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, which it shall publish after the end of each session but prior to the beginning of the next session.

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Article 11: The Chief Executive Officer

Article 11, Section 1

1.		All power of enforcement delegated by this Treaty is reserved exclusively to the Chief Executive Officer.
2.		The Chief Executive Officer may delegate his powers within the executive branch of this Alliance but is prohibited from delegating his powers beyond the executive branch of this Alliance.
3.		The Chief Executive Officer shall hold his office during a term of four years and shall be chosen by electors as provided in this Article.
4.		No individual shall be elected to the office of the Chief Executive Officer more than once. No individual who has held the office of Chief Executive Officer, or acted as Chief Executive Officer, for more than two years of a term to which some other individual was elected shall be eligible to the office of the Chief Executive Officer.
5.		The Chief Executive Officer shall not receive during his time in office any emolument whatsoever other than his salary.
6.		Before becoming Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Executive Officer-elect shall take the following oath or affirmation:
		"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of Chief Executive Officer of this Alliance of American States, and that I will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend that Alliance of American States against all enemies, foreign and domestic."

Article 11, Section 2: Election of the Chief Executive Officer

1.		Each state that is a member of this Alliance shall appoint a number of electors equal to the number of Assemblymen to which that state is entitled in the Legislative Council.
2.		The Electors shall convene at the time and place established by the Legislative Council. See Article 10, Section 6. At this convention, a judge of the Review Court shall preside. See Article 9, Section 2.
		The electors shall
•		vote by ballot for the Chief Executive Officer, and
•		sign, certify, and seal the list of the candidates for Chief Executive Officer, and of the number of votes for each.
3.		The presiding judge of the Review Court shall carry the list to the Legislative Council.
4.		The presiding judge of the Review Court shall, in the presence of the Legislative Council, open the list and the votes shall then be counted. The candidate having the greatest number of votes shall be the Chief Executive Officer.

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Article 11, Section 3: Powers of the Chief Executive Officer

1.		The Chief Executive Officer shall be commander-in-chief of the navy of this Alliance, and of the army, whenever an army is hired into the service of this Alliance.
2.		The Chief Executive Officer shall have the power to select an army to satisfy the needs of this Alliance, and to negotiate the contract for the employment of such army.
3.		The power to appoint the naval officers of this Alliance is reserved exclusively to the Chief Executive Officer. Confirmation, by the Senate, of such appointments is not required.
4.		Nothing in this Treaty shall be construed to constrain the Chief Executive Officer to select an army from among the states in this Alliance, or from only one source.
5.		The Chief Executive Officer shall have the power to dismiss any army which, in his opinion, fails to satisfy the needs of this Alliance, subject only to the terms and conditions of the contract whereby the army is employed by this Alliance.
6.		The Chief Executive Officer shall have the power to enforce, at his discretion, the legislation of this Alliance.
7.		The Chief Executive Officer shall have the power to enforce, at his discretion, the decisions of the Courts of this Alliance.
8.		The Chief Executive Officer shall have the power to propose treaties. See Article 10, Section 9.
9.		In any case or controversy under the jurisdiction of the courts of this Alliance, the Chief Executive Officer shall have the powers of amnesty, pardon, commutation, parole, or reprieve.
10.		The Chief Executive Officer shall have the power to nominate ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, Judges of the Review Court, judges of the trial courts, and all other officers of this Alliance, unless this Treaty otherwise provides for their appointments. See Section 4 of this Article.
11.		When a bill is presented to the Chief Executive Officer by the judges of the Review Court, then the Chief Executive Officer shall have the power to approve the bill or to reject it. If he approves it, then the bill shall be immediately enacted into legislation. If he rejects it, then he shall return the bill, with his objections, to the Legislative Council. See Article 9, Section 2 and Article 10, Section 3.

Article 11, Section 4: Duties of the Chief Executive Officer

1.		The Chief Executive Officer shall give to the Legislative Council, at least annually, information concerning the condition and circumstances of this Alliance.
2.		When the Chief Executive Officer nominates officers prescribed in this Article, except for naval officers, he shall place each such nomination before the Senate and

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		the nominee shall assume office only if approved by the Senate. See Article 10, Section 10.
3.		The Chief Executive Officer shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers.
4.		The Chief Executive Officer shall assure that the Armed Forces of this Alliance are continually ready and able to fulfill their missions, as specified in Article 12 of this Treaty.
5.		The Chief Executive Officer shall provide for the selection of the members of trial juries and grand juries to satisfy the needs of the courts of this Alliance.
6.		Whenever a law is rescinded (see Article 8, Section 3), the Chief Executive Officer shall, to the maximum extent possible, restore all effected parties to the relative positions that they would have occupied had the law never been passed.

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Article 12: The Armed Forces

Article 12, Section 1

1.		This Alliance shall have no armed forces whatsoever, uniformed or non-uniformed, civilian or military, other than those specified in this Article.
2.		The armed forces of this Alliance shall not be used for any purpose whatsoever beyond those expressly specified in this Article.
3.		This Alliance shall not have authority over the merchant marine of the states which are members of this Alliance.
4.		Individuals, whether or not they are citizens, are not under the authority of the armed forces of this Alliance unless they are members of the navy of this Alliance or of the army that is hired into the service of this Alliance.
5.		Women are prohibited from participation in the navy of this Alliance.
6.		The Chief Executive Officer may, at his discretion, prohibit women from participation in the army that is in the service of this Alliance, subject only to the terms and conditions of the contract by which such army is employed by this Alliance.

Article 12, Section 2: The Navy

1.		The navy of this Alliance shall include all men and material necessary to fulfill its mission, without reliance upon any other armed force.
2.		The mission of the navy shall be
•		to repel foreign invasions of this Alliance or of any state in this Alliance, or
•		to undertake invasions of the enemies of this Alliance
3.		The navy of this Alliance shall not conduct any invasion whatsoever except during a time of declared war.
4.		The navy of this Alliance shall never, under any circumstances whatsoever, be used for the purpose of domestic law enforcement.

Article 12, Section 3: The Army

1.		The army that is employed in the service of this Alliance shall include all men and material necessary to fulfill its mission, with the exception that it shall receive the support of the Navy when it must operate on or across international waters.
2.		The army that is employed in the service of this Alliance shall be used
•		to protect the seat of government of this Alliance, and any property owned by this Alliance, from invasion, damage, or occupation by any hostile force,
•		to assist any state in this Alliance, if such assistance is requested by that state, in the resistance of hostile forces, or
•		to invade the enemies of this Alliance.
3.		No army employed in the service of this Alliance shall ever conduct any invasion whatsoever except during a time of declared war.

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No army employed by this Alliance shall ever, under any circumstances whatsoever, be used for the purpose of domestic law enforcement.

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Article 13: Ratification of This Treaty

1.		In Article 14 of this Treaty, certain American states are exempted from eligibility for membership in this Alliance. Until the noted deficiencies of those states are remedied, they are also ineligible to ratify this Treaty. Any such ratification attempted by those states, prior to resolution of their deficiencies, is void from its inception and is of no legal effect.
2.		Eligibility for ratification of this Treaty is not limited to the present American states. Any state that satisfies the eligibility requirements for membership in this Alliance, as specified in Article 14 of this Treaty, is eligible to ratify this Treaty.
3.		Ratification of this Treaty by any three or more eligible states shall constitute erection of this Alliance among those states.

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Article 14: Membership in This Alliance

Article 14, Section 1

1.		After this Alliance under this Treaty has been erected, new states may be added to or removed from this Alliance in accordance with the provisions of this Article.
2.		If the number of member states in this Alliance is reduced to less than three, then this Alliance shall be considered to be terminated.

Article 14, Section 2: Eligibility for Membership

1.		To be eligible for membership in this Alliance, a state must, as a minimum,
•		be unencumbered by any prior obligations that would tend to interfere with its participation in this Alliance, and
•		be a state the government of which is freely condoned by its citizens.
2.		Nothing in this Article shall be construed to require, as a condition of eligibility, that a state must be a democracy.
3.		Certain of the American states are presently encumbered by obligations under the Articles of Confederation. Those obligations are incompatible with membership in this Alliance and those states shall not be admitted to this Alliance unless
•		the Continental Congress is convened and agrees to a termination of the Articles of Confederation, and of all obligations pursuant thereto, and
•		such terminations are confirmed by the legislatures of each of those states, and
•		the Continental Congress is formally disbanded.
		After such action, those states may submit applications for membership in this Alliance, if they wish to do so. The states included in that group¹ of states are:
•		Connecticut,
•		Delaware,
•		Kentucky,
•		Maryland,
•		Massachusetts,
•		New Hampshire,
•		New Jersey,
•		New York,
•		Pennsylvania,
•		Rhode Island, and
•		West Virginia.

Most of the states in the above list are included because they were among the original thirteen American states. However, four of those original states were destroyed during the War Between the States and replaced by new states bearing the same names but lacking any obligations under the Articles of Confederation. Accordingly, those four states are not included in the above list. They are, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The states of Kentucky and West Virginia were erected from the original state of Virginia in violation of Article 4, Section 3, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution of 1789. Therefore, those two states are not legitimately separate states of that particular union but are, instead, all that remains of the original state of Virginia. Accordingly, they bear the obligations to the Articles of Confederation of the original state of Virginia and are included in the above list of ineligible states.

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4.		Due to constitutional defects during the admission process, Alaska and Hawaii are not legally states of the United States of America. They are legally independent states and are presently eligible for membership in this Alliance.
5.		The remaining American states shall become eligible to ratify this Treaty upon
•		termination of their membership in the United States of America as constituted by the U.S. Constitution of 1789, and
•		resolution of their obligations under that Constitution.
6.		Except as otherwise provided in this Treaty, the Convention of the States may apply any additional criterion or test that seems to the Delegates to be appropriate in the judgment of eligibility. Neither the Convention nor any Delegate shall be held accountable for any refusal to judge a candidate state as eligible for membership.
7.		Any state in this Alliance may refuse to approve the admission of a candidate state for any reason, or for no particular reason, and shall not be held accountable for any such refusal.

Article 14, Section 3: Admission of New States

1.		A state wishing to be admitted into this Alliance must apply to the Convention of the States for judgment of eligibility.
2.		The Convention of the States may, at its discretion, judge the state's eligibility for admission.
3.		A candidate state that has been judged eligible by the Convention of the States must then make application to the several member states for membership.
4.		The candidate state that has been judged eligible by the Convention of the States will become a member of this Alliance if approved by at least three-fourths of the member states.

Article 14, Section 4: Expulsion of Member States

1.		Any state in this Alliance that believes that there is cause to expel a member state from this Alliance may make application to the Convention of the States. If the application for expulsion is approved by the Delegates of at least four-fifths of the states in this Alliance, counting neither the state making application nor the state to be expelled, then the Convention of the States shall present the application to the several states.
2.		If the application for expulsion is approved by at least four-fifths of the states in this Alliance, counting neither the state making application nor the state to be expelled, then the state shall be immediately expelled from this Alliance.

Article 14, Section 5: Withdrawal from Membership

		Any state may withdraw from membership in this Alliance at any time. Remaining obligations to this Alliance, or to any other state in this Alliance, by which any such state is encumbered, may be resolved by negotiation, by recourse to the

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courts of this Alliance, by recourse to the Convention of the States, or by whatever method may be chosen by the parties to the obligations.

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Article 15: Revisions to This Treaty

Article 15, Section 1

1.		Amendments to this Treaty are prohibited.
2.		This Treaty may be revised as specified in this Article.
3.		Whenever this Treaty is revised, the judges of the Review Court shall review existing legislation of this Alliance for compliance with the revised version of the Treaty. See Article 9, Section 2.

Article 15, Section 2: Revisions Proposed by the Convention of the States

1.		The Convention of the States may propose a revision to this Treaty. Such a proposal shall not pass unless approved by the Delegates of at least three-fourths of the states in this Alliance.
2.		When a proposal to revise this Treaty is passed by the Convention of the States, then the Convention shall transmit the proposal to the several states in this Alliance for their consideration.
3.		If such a proposed revision to the Treaty is ratified by the Legislatures of at least three-fourths of the states that were members of this Alliance when the proposed revision was transmitted to the states, then the revised Treaty shall immediately supersede the previous version of the Treaty.

Article 15, Section 3: Revisions Proposed by a State

1.		Any state in this Alliance may propose a revision to the Treaty.
2.		If such a proposed revision to the Treaty is ratified by the Legislatures of at least three-fourths of the states that were members of this Alliance when the proposed revision was transmitted to the states, then the revised Treaty shall immediately supersede the previous version of the Treaty.

Article 15, Section 4: Revisions Proposed by Convention

1.		The states in this Alliance may call a convention to revise this Treaty, establishing whatever rules of procedure they may choose.
2.		If such a proposed revision to the Treaty is ratified by the Legislatures of at least three-fourths of the states that were members of this Alliance when the proposed revision was transmitted to the states, then the revised Treaty shall immediately supersede the previous version of the Treaty.

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Declaration of the Signatories

By our signatures on this document on the date below, we do now in the presence of each other declare the following:

•		that we are the duly authorized representatives of the states whose names are affixed hereon with our signatures,
•		that those states are eligible for membership in this Alliance of American States, and
•		that we do hereby, on behalf of those states, ratify this Treaty for this Alliance of American States.

______________________________________________
(date)

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